During the process of absorption, nutrients from food go from:
A. the intestines into the bladder
B. the blood into the organs
C. the intestines into the bloodstream
D. the mouth into the stomach
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c. the intestines into the bloodstream
- Correct: During the process of absorption, nutrients from food pass from the intestines into the bloodstream. After food is broken down into its constituent nutrients through digestion in the stomach and small intestine, these nutrients are absorbed across the lining of the small intestine into the bloodstream. The small intestine is highly specialized for absorption, with villi and microvilli increasing the surface area available for nutrient absorption. Once absorbed into the bloodstream, nutrients are transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body to provide energy, support growth and repair, and maintain overall health.
a. the intestines into the bladder
- Incorrect: The bladder is part of the urinary system and is responsible for storing urine produced by the kidneys. Absorption of nutrients does not involve passage into the bladder.
b. the blood into the organs
- Incorrect: While nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream are indeed transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body, absorption itself occurs in the intestines, not directly from the blood into the organs.
d. the mouth into the stomach
- Incorrect: The mouth and stomach are primarily involved in the initial stages of digestion, including mechanical breakdown of food and the initiation of chemical digestion of carbohydrates and proteins. Absorption of nutrients occurs primarily in the small intestine, not from the mouth into the stomach.
Therefore, the Correct Answer is C.
More Questions on Digestive System Practice Exam 2
Question 1:
Which of these statements about bile is true?
A. About 500 mL is secreted daily.
B. Its main function is the denaturation of proteins.
C. It is synthesized in the gallbladder.
D. Bile salts are recycled.
The Correct Answer is D.d) Bile salts are recycled.
- Correct: Bile salts are recycled in the enterohepatic circulation. After aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine, bile salts are reabsorbed in the terminal ileum and transported back to the liver via the portal vein. Once in the liver, they are re-secreted into bile, allowing for their reuse in subsequent digestive processes. This recycling of bile salts is an important mechanism for conserving these critical components of bile.
a) About 500 mL is secreted daily.
- Incorrect: The daily secretion of bile by the liver is approximately 600-1000 mL, not 500 mL. Bile is continuously produced by hepatocytes (liver cells) and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder until it is released into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion.
b) Its main function is the denaturation of proteins.
- Incorrect: The main function of bile is not the denaturation of proteins. Bile aids in the emulsification and digestion of fats by breaking them down into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for the action of pancreatic lipase and facilitating the absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.
c) It is synthesized in the gallbladder.
- Incorrect: Bile is not synthesized in the gallbladder. It is produced by hepatocytes (liver cells) in the liver and then stored and concentrated in the gallbladder until needed for digestion.
Question 2:
Which is a function of the liver in human adults?
A. manufacturing red blood cells
B. producing chemical compounds known as auxins
C. storing the carbohydrate reserve glycogen
D. synthesizing the hormone insulin
The Correct Answer is C.C) storing the carbohydrate reserve glycogen
- Correct: One of the functions of the liver in human adults is storing the carbohydrate reserve glycogen. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of glucose in the body. When blood glucose levels are high, such as after a meal, the liver takes up excess glucose and converts it into glycogen for storage. When blood glucose levels drop, such as between meals or during fasting, the liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the bloodstream to maintain blood sugar levels within a normal range.
A) manufacturing red blood cells
- Incorrect: The primary site of red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in adults is the bone marrow, not the liver. While the liver is involved in the production of blood proteins and components, such as albumin, clotting factors, and plasma proteins, it is not responsible for manufacturing red blood cells.
B) producing chemical compounds known as auxins
- Incorrect: Auxins are a class of plant hormones involved in various physiological processes, such as cell elongation, apical dominance, and root development. They are not produced by the liver in human adults.
D) synthesizing the hormone insulin
- Incorrect: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, not the liver. Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production or storage. While the liver responds to insulin by regulating glucose metabolism and storage, it does not synthesize insulin itself.
Question 3:
Which phase of deglutition involves contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis?
A. voluntary phase
B. buccal phase
C. pharyngeal phase
D. esophageal phase
The Correct Answer is A.a) voluntary phase
- Correct: The voluntary phase of deglutition (swallowing) involves the initial voluntary movement of food from the mouth into the pharynx. During this phase, the tongue pushes the food bolus backward toward the oropharynx. Contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis propels the food bolus into the pharynx, which is part of the voluntary control of swallowing.
b) buccal phase
- Incorrect: The buccal phase of deglutition involves the initial formation of the food bolus and its movement toward the oropharynx by the coordinated action of the tongue and muscles of the cheeks. It does not involve contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis.
c) pharyngeal phase
- Incorrect: The pharyngeal phase of deglutition is involuntary and occurs when the food bolus reaches the pharynx. It involves the sequential contraction of muscles in the pharyngeal wall to propel the food bolus downward toward the esophagus. The contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis is not a significant component of the pharyngeal phase.
d) esophageal phase
- Incorrect: The esophageal phase of deglutition involves the passage of the food bolus through the esophagus and into the stomach. Peristaltic waves of contraction and relaxation of the muscularis propels the food bolus along the length of the esophagus. The contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis primarily occurs during the voluntary phase of deglutition, not the esophageal phase.
Question 4:
. Parietal cells secrete ________.
A. gastrin
B. hydrochloric acid
C. pepsin
D. pepsinogen
The Correct Answer is B.b) hydrochloric acid
- Correct: Parietal cells, also known as oxyntic cells, secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach lumen. HCl plays a critical role in the digestive process by creating an acidic environment necessary for the activation of pepsinogen to pepsin and for the breakdown of food proteins. Parietal cells also secrete intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.
a) gastrin
- Incorrect: Gastrin is a hormone secreted by G cells in the gastric glands of the stomach. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by parietal cells and promotes gastric motility and emptying.
c) pepsin
- Incorrect: Pepsin is an enzyme that digests proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides. Pepsin is formed from the precursor molecule pepsinogen, which is secreted by chief cells in the gastric glands. Parietal cells do not directly secrete pepsin.
d) pepsinogen
- Incorrect: Pepsinogen is the inactive precursor of pepsin. It is secreted by chief cells in the gastric glands of the stomach. Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by the acidic environment created by hydrochloric acid secreted by parietal cells.
Question 5:
Which of the following organs has 3 layers of smooth muscle in its muscularis externa?
A. small intestine
B. esophagus
C. stomach
D. large intestine
The Correct Answer is C.C. stomach
- Correct: The stomach has three layers of smooth muscle in its muscularis externa, which is the muscular layer of the gastrointestinal tract responsible for peristalsis and mixing of food. These muscle layers are arranged in longitudinal, circular, and oblique orientations, allowing for the mechanical processing of ingested food and the propulsion of food through the digestive tract. This muscular arrangement contributes to the stomach's ability to churn and mix food with gastric juices during digestion.
A. small intestine
- Incorrect: While the small intestine does have smooth muscle in its muscularis externa, it typically has two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
B. esophagus
- Incorrect: The esophagus also has smooth muscle in its muscularis externa, but it typically has two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
D. large intestine
- Incorrect: The large intestine, like the small intestine, typically has two layers of smooth muscle in its muscularis externa: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
Question 6:
Pancreatic juice ________.
A. deactivates bile.
B. is secreted by pancreatic islet cells.
C. buffers chyme.
D. is released into the cystic duct.
The Correct Answer is C.c) buffers chyme.
- Correct: Pancreatic juice contains bicarbonate ions, which act as buffers to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach. This neutralization is essential for maintaining the optimal pH for the activity of digestive enzymes in the small intestine.
a) deactivates bile.
- Incorrect: Pancreatic juice does not deactivate bile. Bile is not deactivated in the digestive process; instead, it aids in the emulsification and digestion of fats in the small intestine.
b) is secreted by pancreatic islet cells.
- Incorrect: Pancreatic juice is secreted by exocrine cells called pancreatic acinar cells, not by pancreatic islet cells. Pancreatic islet cells secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels.
d) is released into the cystic duct.
- Incorrect: Pancreatic juice is released into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct, not the cystic duct. The cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct, allowing bile to be released into the duodenum when needed for digestion.
Question 7:
Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure?
A. mouth
B. salivary glands
C. pancreas
D. liver
The Correct Answer is A.a) mouth
- Correct: The mouth is not considered an accessory digestive structure; it is an integral part of the alimentary canal (digestive tract). The mouth is where the process of digestion begins, as food is ingested, chewed, and mixed with saliva. Saliva, produced by the salivary glands, contains enzymes (such as amylase) that initiate the breakdown of carbohydrates. Once food is sufficiently broken down in the mouth, it is formed into a bolus and swallowed, entering the esophagus and continuing its journey through the digestive system.
b) salivary glands
- Incorrect: Salivary glands are accessory digestive structures that secrete saliva into the mouth. Saliva contains enzymes and lubricants that aid in the mechanical and chemical digestion of food.
c) pancreas
- Incorrect: The pancreas is an accessory digestive structure that plays a crucial role in digestion by producing and secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine. These enzymes aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
d) liver
- Incorrect: The liver is also an accessory digestive structure that contributes to digestion by producing bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid in the emulsification and digestion of fats. Additionally, the liver plays a role in processing nutrients absorbed from the small intestine and regulating glucose metabolism.
Question 8:
Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?
A. pancreatic amylase
B. trypsin
C. sucrase
D. pancreatic nuclease
The Correct Answer is B.b) trypsin
- Correct: Trypsin is an enzyme involved in the chemical digestion of protein. It is secreted as trypsinogen by the pancreas and activated to its active form, trypsin, by enterokinase in the duodenum. Trypsin breaks down proteins into smaller peptides by cleaving peptide bonds between specific amino acids.
a) pancreatic amylase
- Incorrect: Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme involved in the digestion of carbohydrates (starches). It breaks down starch molecules into maltose and other simpler sugars.
c) sucrase
- Incorrect: Sucrase is an enzyme involved in the digestion of disaccharide sugars, specifically sucrose. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into its constituent monosaccharides, glucose, and fructose.
d) pancreatic nuclease
- Incorrect: Pancreatic nuclease is an enzyme involved in the digestion of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It breaks down nucleic acid molecules into their component nucleotides.
Question 9:
The graph below shows the effect of environmental temperature on a girl's skin temperature and on her internal body temperature.
Which statement best describes what happens as environmental temperature increases from 20ºC to 30ºC?
A. Both the internal and the skin temperatures reach 40ºC.
B. Both the internal and the skin temperatures increase by about 7ºC.
C. The skin temperature decreases to about 30ºC.
D. The internal temperature increases by about 1ºC.
The Correct Answer is D.D) The internal temperature increases by about 1ºC.
- Correct: As environmental temperature increases from 20ºC to 30ºC, the body's internal temperature tends to increase slightly. This is due to the body's thermoregulatory mechanisms, which work to maintain a relatively constant internal temperature (around 37ºC or 98.6ºF) despite fluctuations in environmental temperature. When the environmental temperature rises, the body responds by increasing blood flow to the skin and by initiating mechanisms such as sweating to dissipate heat and maintain thermal equilibrium. However, the increase in environmental temperature may result in a slight increase in internal temperature, typically by about 1ºC, as the body works to dissipate excess heat.
A) Both the internal and the skin temperatures reach 40ºC.
- Incorrect: A 10ºC increase in environmental temperature from 20ºC to 30ºC is not likely to cause both internal and skin temperatures to reach 40ºC. Such a significant increase would likely lead to heatstroke or hyperthermia, which can be life-threatening.
B) Both the internal and the skin temperatures increase by about 7ºC.
- Incorrect: A 10ºC increase in environmental temperature is not likely to cause both internal and skin temperatures to increase by about 7ºC. Such a large increase in temperature would be excessive and would likely lead to severe heat-related illnesses.
C) The skin temperature decreases to about 30ºC.
- Incorrect: In response to an increase in environmental temperature, the body typically increases blood flow to the skin and initiates mechanisms such as sweating to dissipate heat. This would not result in a decrease in skin temperature to match the environmental temperature of 30ºC.
Question 10:
The digestive system breaks down food into:
A. nutrients
B. amylase
C. saliva
D. sphincters
The Correct Answer is A.a. nutrients
- Correct: The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients. These nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water, which are essential for various physiological functions in the body. Once broken down into nutrients through mechanical and chemical digestion, these substances are absorbed by the intestines and transported via the bloodstream to cells throughout the body for energy production, growth, repair, and other metabolic processes.
b. amylase
- Incorrect: Amylase is an enzyme involved in the digestion of carbohydrates. It is produced by salivary glands in the mouth and by the pancreas and helps break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars. While amylase is an important component of the digestive process, it is not the end product of digestion.
c. saliva
- Incorrect: Saliva is a fluid secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. It contains water, electrolytes, mucus, and enzymes such as amylase. Saliva helps moisten food, initiate the digestion of carbohydrates, and facilitate swallowing, but it is not the end product of digestion.
d. sphincters
- Incorrect: Sphincters are ring-like muscles that control the movement of materials through various parts of the digestive tract by opening and closing. While sphincters play a crucial role in regulating the flow of food and waste through the digestive system, they are not the end products of digestion.