During which of the following phase changes will the cohesion between the particles in a substance decrease?

A. Cells are alive and recognized as the building blocks for life.

B. Scientists can identify and differentiate cells by using a microscope

C. Cells are produced from existing cells using meiosis instead of mitosis.

D. Living things are composed of a single cell that remains undifferentiated

After scientists were able to view cells under the microscope they formulated the cell theory. One part of this theory concluded that all cells are alive. They also represent the basic unit of life.

All living things are made of cells. Cells are the smallest structural units and basic building blocks of living things. Cells contain everything necessary to keep living things alive. Varying in size and shape, cells carry out specialized functions. This theory, or in-depth explanation, about cells consists of three parts:

• All living things are composed of one or more cells.
• Cells are alive and represent the basic unit of life.
• All cells are produced from pre-existing cells.

A. Connective

B. Epithelial

C. Muscle

D. Neural

A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function and similar extracellular substances located between the cells. The table below describes the four primary tissues found in the human body.

body.

A. Condensation

B. Deposition

C. Freezing

D. Vaporization

If the cohesion between particles decreases, then the particles must be undergoing a phase change that allows particles to move farther apart. This happens when a substance vaporizes and turns from liquid to gas. Any phase change that moves to the right in the diagram above requires energy to be added to the system because the substance has more energy at the end of the phase change. The phase changes are melting, vaporization (boiling), and sublimation. When energy is added, particles move faster and can break away from each other more easily as they move to a state of matter with a higher amount of energy. This is most commonly done by heating the substance. 

A. leaves the aorta

B. fills the right atrium

C. reaches body tissues

D. flows through arteries

Blood continually flows in one direction, beginning in the heart and proceeding to the arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. When blood reaches the capillaries, exchanges occur between blood and tissues. After this exchange happens, blood is collected into venules, which feed into veins and eventually flow back to the heart’s atrium. The heart must relax between two heartbeats for blood circulation to begin.

Two types of circulatory processes occur in the body:

Systemic circulation

• The pulmonary vein pushes oxygenated blood into the left atrium.
• As the atrium relaxes, oxygenated blood drains into the left ventricle through the mitral valve. 3. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta.
• Blood travels through the arteries and arterioles before reaching the capillaries that surround the tissues.

Pulmonary circulation

• Two major veins, the Superior Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena Cava, brings deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower half of the body.
• Deoxygenated blood is pooled into the right atrium and then sent into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve, which prevents blood from flowing backward.
• The right ventricle contracts, causing the blood to be pushed through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery.
• Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs.
• Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

A. Litmus paper that turns red

B. Litmus paper that turns blue

C. Measured pH value equal to 7

D. Measured pH value less than 7

Both litmus paper and a pH scale can be used to indicate whether a solution is acidic. However, a pH scale can also determine the strength of an acid.

Researchers can determine the strength of an acid or a base by measuring the pH of a solution. The pH value describes how acidic or basic a solution is. On pH scale, shown below, if the number is less than 7 the solution is acidic. A pH greater than 7 means the solution is basic. When the pH is exactly 7, the solution is neutral.

A. Ionic, because electrons are shared

B. Covalent, because electrons are shared

C. Ionic, because electrons are transferred

D. Covalent, because electrons are transferred

Nitrogen and oxygen are both nonmetals, which means they will share electrons in a covalent bond. For example, two oxygen atoms form a double bond, in which two pairs of electrons (four electrons total) are shared. Similarly, two nitrogen atoms form a molecule with a triple bond, in which three pairs of electrons (six electrons total) are shared. 

A. genotype

B. phenotype

C. transcription

D. translation

The phenotype is the physical appearance of an organism, and the genotype is the set of alleles.

Mendel’s Theory of Heredity

To explain his results, Mendel proposed a theory that has become the foundation of the science of genetics. The theory has five elements:

• Parents do not transmit traits directly to their offspring. Rather, they pass on units of information called genes.
• For each trait, an individual has two factors: one from each parent. If the two factors have the same information, the individual is homozygous for that trait. If the two factors are different, the individual is heterozygous for that trait. Each copy of a factor, or gene, is called an allele.
• The alleles determine the physical appearance, or phenotype. The set of alleles an individual has is its genotype.
• An individual receives one allele from each parent.
• The presence of an allele does not guarantee that the trait will be expressed

A. The height of a plant increases in the absence and presence of the nutrients

B. When the amount of nutrients available to the plant decreases, its height increases.

C. The amount of nutrients available to a plant is independent of how tall the plant gets

D. When the amount of nutrients available to the plant increases, its height also increases.

Because this is a positive correlation, if the nutrient concentration increases or decreases, plant height will either increase or decrease accordingly.

While analyzing data, scientists tend to observe cause-and-effect relationships. These relationships can be quantified using correlations. Correlations measure the amount of linear association between two variables. There are three types of correlations:

Positive correlation: 
As one variable increases, the other variable also increases. This is also known as a direct correlation.

Negative correlation: 
As one variable increases, the other decreases. The opposite is true if one variable decreases. A negative correlation is also known as an inverse correlation or an indirect correlation.

No correlation: 
There is no connection or relationship between two variables.

A. mouth

B. esophagus

C. ileum

D. colon

Oral Cavity is the first part of the digestive system. It is bounded by the lips and cheeks and contains the teeth and tongue. Its primary function is to masticate, or chew, and moisten the food.

Pharynx, or throat, connects the mouth to the esophagus.

Esophagus is a muscular tube about 25 centimeters long. Food travels down it to the cardiac sphincter of the stomach.

Pyloric sphincter. The exit of the stomach.

Small intestine is about 6 meters long and consists of three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Large intestine, consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. The cecum is located where the small and large intestine meet. The primary function of the large intestine is to compress the waste and collect any excess water that can be recycled.

Colon is about 1.5 to 1.8 meters long and consists of four parts: the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon.

A. The pattern continues to change over time.

B. Natural adaptations cause this pattern to occur

C. Each offspring will have the same stripe pattern

D. Ancestors of the tigers have different stripe patterns

Inductive reasoning involves making specific observations and using them to make broad statements. The student observes that all of the tigers have the same stripe pattern. He can use this observation to make the broad statement that all the tigers’ offspring will have the same stripe pattern.

Inductive reasoning involves drawing a general conclusion from specific observations. This form of reasoning is referred to as the “from the bottom up” approach. Information gathered from specific observations can be used to make a general conclusion about the topic under investigation. In other words, conclusions are based on observed patterns in data.