A. deactivates bile.
B. is secreted by pancreatic islet cells.
C. buffers chyme.
D. is released into the cystic duct.
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c) buffers chyme.
- Correct: Pancreatic juice contains bicarbonate ions, which act as buffers to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach. This neutralization is essential for maintaining the optimal pH for the activity of digestive enzymes in the small intestine.
a) deactivates bile.
- Incorrect: Pancreatic juice does not deactivate bile. Bile is not deactivated in the digestive process; instead, it aids in the emulsification and digestion of fats in the small intestine.
b) is secreted by pancreatic islet cells.
- Incorrect: Pancreatic juice is secreted by exocrine cells called pancreatic acinar cells, not by pancreatic islet cells. Pancreatic islet cells secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels.
d) is released into the cystic duct.
- Incorrect: Pancreatic juice is released into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct, not the cystic duct. The cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct, allowing bile to be released into the duodenum when needed for digestion.
Therefore, the Correct Answer is C.
During gastric emptying, chyme is released into the duodenum through the ________.
A. esophageal hiatus
B. pyloric antrum
C. pyloric canal
D. pyloric sphincter
The Correct Answer is C.c) pyloric sphincter
- Correct: During gastric emptying, chyme (partially digested food) is released from the stomach into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve located at the junction between the stomach and the duodenum. It regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine, allowing for controlled release and preventing backflow of intestinal contents into the stomach.
a) pyloric antrum
- Incorrect: The pyloric antrum is the lower portion of the stomach that leads into the pyloric canal. It is involved in mixing and churning food, but it does not regulate the release of chyme into the duodenum.
b) pyloric canal
- Incorrect: The pyloric canal is the narrow portion of the stomach that connects the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter. It is involved in directing chyme toward the pyloric sphincter for release into the duodenum, but it is not the site of chyme release itself.
The esophageal hiatus is an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes as it descends from the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity. It is not directly involved in gastric emptying.
In the stomach:
A. muscles churn and mix the food with acids and enzymes
B. glands make 3 quarts of digestive juices each day
C. food leaves as a thick liquid called chyme
D. all of the above
The Correct Answer is D.d. all of the above
- Correct: All of the statements are true regarding the stomach:
a. muscles churn and mix the food with acids and enzymes: The stomach has muscular walls that contract and relax to mechanically churn and mix food with gastric juices, including hydrochloric acid and various enzymes (such as pepsin) that aid in the digestion of proteins.
b. glands make 3 quarts of digestive juices each day: The gastric glands in the lining of the stomach produce gastric juice, which contains hydrochloric acid, enzymes (such as pepsinogen), mucus, and intrinsic factor. These glands collectively secrete about 2 to 3 liters (quarts) of gastric juice per day.
c. food leaves as a thick liquid called chyme: After mixing with gastric juices and undergoing partial digestion in the stomach, food is transformed into a semi-liquid mixture called chyme. Chyme is then gradually released from the stomach into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption.
Therefore, all of the statements accurately describe processes that occur in the stomach.
Which human excretory organ breaks down red blood cells and synthesizes urea?
A. lung
B. kidney
C. skin
D. liver
The Correct Answer is D.D) liver
- Correct: The liver is the human excretory organ that breaks down red blood cells and synthesizes urea. Red blood cells have a finite lifespan and are continually replaced by new cells produced in the bone marrow. When old or damaged red blood cells are removed from circulation, their components are broken down by macrophages, primarily in the spleen and liver. The liver plays a crucial role in this process by breaking down hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, into heme and globin. Heme is further broken down into bilirubin, which is excreted in bile and eventually eliminated from the body in feces. Additionally, the liver synthesizes urea as a waste product of protein metabolism, which is excreted by the kidneys in urine.
A) lung
- Incorrect: While the lungs play a role in the excretion of carbon dioxide during respiration, they are not involved in breaking down red blood cells or synthesizing urea.
B) kidney
- Incorrect: The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood to remove waste products and excess substances, such as urea, creatinine, and electrolytes, to produce urine. While the kidneys excrete urea synthesized by the liver, they do not break down red blood cells.
C) skin
- Incorrect: The skin is involved in excreting certain waste products, such as sweat (containing water, electrolytes, and small amounts of urea and other metabolic waste), but it does not break down red blood cells or synthesize urea.
Which part of the large intestine attaches to the appendix?
A. cecum
B. ascending colon
C. transverse colon
D. descending colon
The Correct Answer is A.Cecum attaches to the appendix
. Parietal cells secrete ________.
A. gastrin
B. hydrochloric acid
C. pepsin
D. pepsinogen
The Correct Answer is B.b) hydrochloric acid
- Correct: Parietal cells, also known as oxyntic cells, secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach lumen. HCl plays a critical role in the digestive process by creating an acidic environment necessary for the activation of pepsinogen to pepsin and for the breakdown of food proteins. Parietal cells also secrete intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.
a) gastrin
- Incorrect: Gastrin is a hormone secreted by G cells in the gastric glands of the stomach. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by parietal cells and promotes gastric motility and emptying.
c) pepsin
- Incorrect: Pepsin is an enzyme that digests proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides. Pepsin is formed from the precursor molecule pepsinogen, which is secreted by chief cells in the gastric glands. Parietal cells do not directly secrete pepsin.
d) pepsinogen
- Incorrect: Pepsinogen is the inactive precursor of pepsin. It is secreted by chief cells in the gastric glands of the stomach. Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by the acidic environment created by hydrochloric acid secreted by parietal cells.
Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?
A. mouth
B. esophagus
C. stomach
D. small intestine
The Correct Answer is A.a) mouth
- Correct: The chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth. Salivary amylase, an enzyme secreted by the salivary glands, initiates the breakdown of starch molecules into maltose and other smaller carbohydrate molecules. This process begins as soon as food enters the mouth and continues as it is mixed with saliva during chewing and swallowing.
b) esophagus
- Incorrect: The esophagus is not directly involved in the chemical digestion of starch. It serves primarily as a conduit for the passage of food from the mouth to the stomach via peristaltic contractions.
c) stomach
- Incorrect: While some minor digestion may occur in the stomach due to the presence of salivary amylase from swallowed saliva, the stomach is not the primary site of starch digestion. Its acidic environment inhibits the activity of salivary amylase, so significant starch digestion does not occur there.
d) small intestine
- Incorrect: Starch digestion continues in the small intestine, primarily in the duodenum, but it does not begin there. Enzymes such as pancreatic amylase and brush border enzymes further break down starch into simpler sugars in the small intestine.
Your digestive system works on the foods you eat for about:
A. 5 hours
B. 10 hours
C. 15 hours
D. 20 hours
The Correct Answer is B.The digestive system typically works on the foods you eat for about 10 hours. The entire process of digestion, from the moment food enters the mouth until waste is eliminated from the body, generally takes around 24 to 72 hours. However, the actual time it takes for food to move through the digestive tract and be fully digested varies depending on factors such as the type of food consumed, individual metabolism, and overall gastrointestinal health. On average, food spends approximately 4 to 6 hours in the stomach and small intestine, and another 12 to 36 hours in the large intestine before being eliminated as waste. Therefore, the total time for digestion and elimination is typically around 24 to 72 hours.
The alimentary canal, or digestive tract, is made up of the:
A. pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
B. esophagus, stomach, and intestines
C. colon, rectum, and anus
D. mouth, esophagus, and stomach
The Correct Answer is B.b. esophagus, stomach, and intestines
- Correct: The alimentary canal, or digestive tract, is made up of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines (both small and large). These organs form a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and is responsible for the digestion and absorption of food and the elimination of waste. The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach through peristaltic contractions, while the stomach and intestines further digest food and absorb nutrients.
a. pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
- Incorrect: While the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are important accessory organs that produce digestive enzymes and substances involved in digestion (such as bile), they are not part of the alimentary canal itself. Instead, they secrete their products into the alimentary canal to aid in digestion.
c. colon, rectum, and anus
- Incorrect: The colon, rectum, and anus are parts of the large intestine, which is a component of the alimentary canal. However, the alimentary canal is not solely composed of these organs; it also includes the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
d. mouth, esophagus, and stomach
- Incorrect: While the mouth, esophagus, and stomach are indeed part of the alimentary canal, they do not represent the entirety of it. The alimentary canal includes additional organs such as the small and large intestines, which are also involved in the digestion and absorption of food.
Where are most fat-digesting enzymes produced?
A. small intestine
B. gallbladder
C. liver
D. pancreas
The Correct Answer is D.d) pancreas
- Correct: Most fat-digesting enzymes, such as pancreatic lipase, are produced in the pancreas. Pancreatic lipase is secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine, specifically the duodenum, where it plays a crucial role in the digestion of dietary fats. Additionally, other enzymes involved in fat digestion, such as pancreatic colipase and phospholipase, are also produced by the pancreas.
a) small intestine
- Incorrect: While some fat-digesting enzymes are present in the small intestine, the majority of these enzymes are produced by the pancreas and delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct.
b) gallbladder
- Incorrect: The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, but it does not produce fat-digesting enzymes. Bile stored in the gallbladder contains bile salts, which aid in the emulsification and digestion of fats, but they are not enzymes themselves.
c) liver
- Incorrect: The liver produces bile, which contains bile salts that aid in fat digestion by emulsifying large fat globules into smaller droplets, but it does not produce fat-digesting enzymes. The liver also plays a role in lipid metabolism and the synthesis of lipoproteins but does not produce enzymes directly involved in fat digestion.
Which of the following organs is supported by a layer of adventitia rather than serosa?
A. esophagus
B. stomach
C. small intestine
D. large intestine
The Correct Answer is A.a) esophagus
- Correct: The esophagus is supported by a layer of adventitia rather than serosa. The adventitia is a connective tissue layer that covers organs and structures that are not located within the peritoneal cavity. In the case of the esophagus, it lies behind the trachea and heart and passes through the diaphragm before connecting to the stomach. Since it is located outside the peritoneal cavity, it is covered by adventitia instead of serosa, which is the visceral peritoneum that covers organs within the abdominal cavity.
b) stomach
- Incorrect: The stomach is supported by a layer of serosa, which is the visceral peritoneum covering organs within the abdominal cavity.
c) small intestine
- Incorrect: The small intestine is supported by a layer of serosa, which is the visceral peritoneum covering organs within the abdominal cavity.
d) large intestine
- Incorrect: The large intestine is supported by a layer of serosa, which is the visceral peritoneum covering organs within the abdominal cavity.