Strong bases are:

A. Sulfuric acid

B. Hydrochloric acid

C. Nitric acid

D. Acetic acid

A) Sulfuric acid: Sulfuric acid is not used in the production of ammonium nitrate. Although sulfuric acid is a widely used acid in various industries, it is not involved in the synthesis of ammonium nitrate.

B) Hydrochloric acid: Hydrochloric acid is not used in the production of ammonium nitrate. While it is an important industrial acid, it does not react with ammonia to produce ammonium nitrate.

C) Nitric acid (Correct Answer): Ammonium nitrate is typically produced by reacting ammonia (NH3) with nitric acid (HNO3). The reaction forms ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), which is a common fertilizer and explosive compound.

D) Acetic acid: Acetic acid, commonly known as vinegar, is not used in the production of ammonium nitrate. It is a weak acid and does not react with ammonia to form ammonium nitrate.

A. Iron

B. Iron sulfide

C. Copper chloride

D. Sulfur

A. Iron (Correct Answer): Iron can react with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas according to the following reaction:

2HCl + Fe => FeCl2 + H2

So, adding iron to dilute hydrochloric acid would produce hydrogen gas.

B. Iron sulfide: Iron sulfide may react with hydrochloric acid, but it does not directly produce hydrogen gas. The reaction would likely produce hydrogen sulfide gas instead.

C. Copper chloride: Copper chloride does not react with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. The reaction between copper chloride and hydrochloric acid would likely produce copper chloride and hydrogen chloride gas.

D. Sulfur: Sulfur does not react with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. The reaction between sulfur and hydrochloric acid would likely produce hydrogen sulfide gas.

A. has a hydrogen-ion concentration of 5.0M

B. is neutral

C. has a hydroxide-ion concentration of 1 x 10 –9 M

D. None of the above

a. is basic: Incorrect. Solutions with pH values less than 7 are acidic, not basic. A pH of 5.0 indicates an acidic solution.

b. has a hydrogen-ion concentration of 5.0M: Incorrect. The pH value does not directly provide information about the concentration of hydrogen ions. pH is a logarithmic scale that measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

c. is neutral: Incorrect. Solutions with a pH of 7 are considered neutral. A pH of 5.0 indicates an acidic solution.

d. has a hydroxide-ion concentration of 1 x 10 –9 M: Incorrect. This statement relates to the calculation of hydroxide-ion concentration in a neutral solution using the Kw value (the ion product of water). It does not directly pertain to the pH value of the solution.

A. Water

B. Ammonia and Water

C. Ammonium salt

D. Hydrogen gas

A) Water: Water is not typically produced when an acid reacts with ammonia. Water may be present in the reaction mixture, but it is not a direct product of the reaction between the acid and ammonia.

B) Ammonium chloride: Water and ammonia  are not typically produced when an acid reacts with ammonia. 

C) Ammonium salt (Correct Answer): When an acid reacts with ammonia, an ammonium salt is typically formed. The specific ammonium salt produced depends on the acid used in the reaction.

D) Hydrogen gas: Hydrogen gas is not typically produced when an acid reacts with ammonia. The reaction between an acid and ammonia does not involve the liberation of hydrogen gas.

A. Neutralization reaction.

B. Decomposition reaction.

C. Synthesis reaction.

D. Redox reaction.

A. Neutralization reaction. (Correct Answer): When acids and bases react, they undergo a neutralization reaction, resulting in the formation of water and a salt. In this reaction, the acidic properties of the acid are neutralized by the basic properties of the base.

B. Decomposition reaction: A decomposition reaction involves the breakdown of a compound into smaller substances. It does not typically describe the reaction between acids and bases.

C. Synthesis reaction: A synthesis reaction involves the formation of a compound from simpler substances. It does not typically describe the reaction between acids and bases.

D. Redox reaction: A redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons between reactants. While redox reactions can occur in certain acid-base reactions, they are not specific to the reaction between acids and bases. The typical reaction between acids and bases involves proton transfer rather than electron transfer. Therefore, "neutralization reaction" is a more specific and accurate term for this type of reaction.

A. Because it contains both hydrogen and hydroxide ions in equal amounts

B. Because it contains hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in equal amounts

C. Because it does not contain any hydrogen or hydroxide ions

D. Because it dissociates completely in water

Rationale for each choice:

A) Because it contains both hydrogen and hydroxide ions in equal amounts: This statement is incorrect. NaCl (sodium chloride) does not contain hydrogen or hydroxide ions. It dissociates into sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) in water, not hydrogen or hydroxide ions.

B) Because it contains hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in equal amounts: This statement is incorrect. NaCl does not contain hydrogen or hydroxide ions. In aqueous solution, NaCl dissociates into sodium ions and chloride ions, not hydrogen or hydroxide ions.

C) Because it does not contain any hydrogen or hydroxide ions (Correct Answer): NaCl is a neutral compound composed of sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-). It does not contain any hydrogen or hydroxide ions, so it is neutral in aqueous solution.

D) Because it dissociates completely in water: NaCl does dissociate in water, but its dissociation does not involve the generation of hydrogen or hydroxide ions. It dissociates into sodium ions and chloride ions, which do not contribute to the pH of the solution. Therefore, the completeness of dissociation does not determine its neutrality.

A. Oxidation

B. Reduction

C. Neutralization

D. Precipitation

A) Oxidation: Sulfuric acid and ammonia do not participate in an oxidation-reduction reaction, where one substance loses electrons (oxidation) and another gains electrons (reduction).

B) Reduction: Sulfuric acid and ammonia do not participate in an oxidation-reduction reaction, so reduction is not the correct type of reaction.

C) Neutralization (Correct Answer): When sulfuric acid reacts with ammonia, a neutralization reaction occurs. The acidic hydrogen ions (H+) from sulfuric acid react with the basic ammonia molecules (NH3) to form ammonium ions (NH4+) and sulfate ions (SO4^2-), resulting in the formation of an ammonium sulfate salt.

D) Precipitation: A precipitation reaction occurs when two solutions react to form an insoluble solid (precipitate). However, sulfuric acid and ammonia do not form an insoluble product when they react. Therefore, precipitation is not the correct type of reaction for this scenario.

A. Acids to produce salts and water

B. Salts to produce acids and water

C. Water to produce acids and salts

D. Neither acids, salts, nor water

A) Acids to produce salts and water (Correct Answer): Bases react with acids to form salts and water. This reaction is a common characteristic of bases, where they accept protons (H+) from acids to form water and salts.

B) Salts to produce acids and water: Bases typically do not react with salts to produce acids and water. The reaction between a base and a salt is not a common reaction in chemistry.

C) Water to produce acids and salts: Bases do not react with water to produce acids and salts. Bases can ionize in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-) but do not typically react with water to produce acids and salts.

D) Neither acids, salts, nor water: Bases do react with acids to form salts and water, making choice D incorrect. Bases do not react with salts or water to produce acids, salts, or water.

A. Because it reacts vigorously with acids

B. Because it forms a basic solution when dissolved in water

C. Because in solution it fully dissociates into K+ and OH-

D. Because it forms insoluble precipitates with metal cations

A) Because it reacts vigorously with acids: While KOH does react with acids to form salts and water, the strength of an alkali is not solely determined by its reactivity with acids.

B) Because it forms a basic solution when dissolved in water: This statement is true, but it does not fully explain why KOH is considered a strong alkali. Many compounds can form basic solutions when dissolved in water.

C) Because in solution it fully dissociates into K+ and OH- (Correct Answer): KOH is considered a strong alkali because it fully dissociates in aqueous solution into potassium ions (K+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). This dissociation leads to a high concentration of hydroxide ions in solution, making it strongly alkaline.

D) Because it forms insoluble precipitates with metal cations: This statement describes the formation of insoluble hydroxide precipitates when alkali solutions are added to solutions of metal salts. However, it does not fully explain why KOH itself is considered a strong alkali.

A. 7-8

B. 9-10

C. 10-13

D. 13-14

A) 7-8: This pH range suggests a neutral to slightly basic solution. Ammonia solution is typically more alkaline than this range.

B) 9-10: This pH range suggests a slightly basic solution. Ammonia solution is generally more alkaline than this range.

C) 10-13 (Correct Answer): Ammonia solution is typically alkaline and falls within the pH range of 10-13. Ammonia reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-), resulting in an alkaline solution.

D) 13-14: This pH range suggests a highly basic solution, which may be too high for typical ammonia solutions. Ammonia solutions are usually within the pH range of 10-13.