A. NH4SO4
B. (NH4)2SO4
C. (NH4)SO4
D. (NH3)2SO4
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A) NH4SO4: This formula suggests a compound where one ammonium ion is combined with one sulfate ion, which is not the correct composition of ammonium sulfate.
B) (NH4)2SO4 (Correct Answer): This formula correctly represents ammonium sulfate, indicating that it consists of two ammonium ions (NH4+) and one sulfate ion (SO4^2-).
C) (NH4)SO4: This formula suggests a compound with one ammonium ion combined with one sulfate ion, which is not the correct composition of ammonium sulfate.
D) (NH3)2SO4: This formula suggests a compound where two ammonia molecules (NH3) are combined with one sulfate ion, which is incorrect. Ammonium sulfate contains ammonium ions (NH4+), not ammonia molecules (NH3).
Therefore, the Correct Answer is B.
Which acid is needed to make ammonium nitrate?
A. Sulfuric acid
B. Hydrochloric acid
C. Nitric acid
D. Acetic acid
The Correct Answer is C.A) Sulfuric acid: Sulfuric acid is not used in the production of ammonium nitrate. Although sulfuric acid is a widely used acid in various industries, it is not involved in the synthesis of ammonium nitrate.
B) Hydrochloric acid: Hydrochloric acid is not used in the production of ammonium nitrate. While it is an important industrial acid, it does not react with ammonia to produce ammonium nitrate.
C) Nitric acid (Correct Answer): Ammonium nitrate is typically produced by reacting ammonia (NH3) with nitric acid (HNO3). The reaction forms ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), which is a common fertilizer and explosive compound.
D) Acetic acid: Acetic acid, commonly known as vinegar, is not used in the production of ammonium nitrate. It is a weak acid and does not react with ammonia to form ammonium nitrate.
How can copper sulfate crystals be separated from copper sulfate solution?
A. Filtration
B. Distillation
C. Decantation
D. Evaporation
The Correct Answer is D.A) Filtration: Filtration is not suitable for separating dissolved substances from a solution. It is typically used to separate solid particles from a liquid mixture.
B) Distillation: Distillation is a process used to separate components of a mixture based on differences in their boiling points. It is not typically used to separate solid crystals from a solution.
C) Decantation: Decantation involves pouring off the liquid portion of a mixture, leaving the solid behind. While it can be used to separate solid and liquid phases, it may not effectively separate dissolved copper sulfate from the solution.
D) Evaporation (Correct Answer): Evaporation involves heating the solution to allow the solvent (water) to vaporize, leaving behind the solute (copper sulfate) as solid crystals. This process is commonly used to obtain solid crystals from a solution.
:pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from:
A. 0–7
B. 7–14
C. 0–14
D. 1–10
The Correct Answer is C.A. 0–7: This range corresponds to acidic solutions on the pH scale. A pH value below 7 indicates acidity.
B. 7–14: This range corresponds to basic solutions on the pH scale. A pH value above 7 indicates alkalinity.
C. 0–14 (Correct Answer): The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, covering the entire spectrum of acidity and alkalinity. A pH value of 7 is considered neutral, while values below 7 indicate acidity and values above 7 indicate alkalinity.
D. 1–10: This range does not encompass the full range of the pH scale. The pH scale extends beyond 10 for alkaline solutions and below 1 for highly acidic solutions. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.
How can solid lead iodide be separated from solution?
A. Filtration
B. Distillation
C. Decantation
D. Chromatography
The Correct Answer is A.A) Filtration: Solid lead iodide can be separated from the solution using filtration. Filtration involves passing the mixture through a filter paper or porous material, allowing the solid particles to be retained while the liquid passes through.
B) Distillation: Distillation is a process used to separate components of a mixture based on differences in their boiling points. It is not typically used to separate solid lead iodide from a solution.
C) Decantation: Decantation involves carefully pouring off the liquid portion of a mixture, leaving the solid behind. While it can be used to separate solid and liquid phases, it may not be as effective as filtration for separating fine solid particles like lead iodide.
D) Chromatography: Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures based on differences in the components' distribution between two phases: a stationary phase and a mobile phase. It is not typically used for separating solid lead iodide from a solution.
What is the Brønsted-Lowry definition of an acid and base?
A. Acids are electron donors and bases are electron acceptors.
B. Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors.
C. Acids are proton acceptors and bases are proton donors.
D. Acids are compounds that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions in solution and bases are compounds that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.
The Correct Answer is B.A) Acids are electron donors and bases are electron acceptors: This statement describes the Lewis definition of acids and bases, which focuses on the transfer of electron pairs, rather than the Brønsted-Lowry definition, which involves the transfer of protons.
B) Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. (Correct Answer): According to the Brønsted-Lowry definition, an acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+ ion), while a base is a substance that accepts a proton.
C) Acids are proton acceptors and bases are proton donors: This statement incorrectly describes the roles of acids and bases according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition. Acids donate protons, while bases accept protons.
D) Acids are compounds that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions in solution and bases are compounds that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution: This statement does not accurately represent the Brønsted-Lowry definition. Acids and bases are defined based on their behavior regarding proton transfer, not changes in ion concentration.
Strong bases are:
A. Strong electrolytes
B. Weak electrolytes
C. Nonelectrolytes
D. Also strong acids
The Correct Answer is A.a. Strong electrolytes (Correct Answer): Strong bases completely dissociate into ions in solution, making them strong electrolytes. They conduct electricity well due to the presence of a high concentration of ions.
b. Weak electrolytes: Strong bases, unlike weak bases, completely dissociate in solution, resulting in a high concentration of ions. Therefore, they are considered strong electrolytes, not weak electrolytes.
c. Nonelectrolytes: Nonelectrolytes do not ionize in solution and do not conduct electricity. Strong bases, however, ionize completely in solution, making them strong electrolytes.
d. Also strong acids: Strong bases and strong acids are two distinct types of compounds. Strong bases ionize completely in solution to produce hydroxide ions, while strong acids ionize completely to produce hydrogen ions (H+). They are not the same.
Why is ethanoic acid a weak acid?
A. Because it reacts slowly with bases
B. Because it forms a basic solution when dissolved in water
C. Because it only partially dissociates in solution
D. Because it has a low pH value
The Correct Answer is C.Rationale for each choice:
A) Because it reacts slowly with bases: The rate of reaction with bases does not determine whether an acid is weak or strong. Ethanoic acid's reaction rate with bases is not a primary factor in its classification as a weak acid.
B) Because it forms a basic solution when dissolved in water: This statement is incorrect. Ethanoic acid is an acid and forms acidic solutions when dissolved in water.
C) Because it only partially dissociates in solution (Correct Answer): Ethanoic acid is considered a weak acid because it only partially dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and acetate ions (CH3COO-) in solution. This partial dissociation results in a lower concentration of hydrogen ions compared to strong acids.
D) Because it has a low pH value: While weak acids generally have higher pH values compared to strong acids, the pH value alone does not determine whether an acid is weak or strong. Ethanoic acid's weak acidity is primarily attributed to its partial dissociation in solution, rather than its pH value.
When acids and bases react together, we call this a:
A. Neutralization reaction.
B. Decomposition reaction.
C. Synthesis reaction.
D. Redox reaction.
The Correct Answer is A.A. Neutralization reaction. (Correct Answer): When acids and bases react, they undergo a neutralization reaction, resulting in the formation of water and a salt. In this reaction, the acidic properties of the acid are neutralized by the basic properties of the base.
B. Decomposition reaction: A decomposition reaction involves the breakdown of a compound into smaller substances. It does not typically describe the reaction between acids and bases.
C. Synthesis reaction: A synthesis reaction involves the formation of a compound from simpler substances. It does not typically describe the reaction between acids and bases.
D. Redox reaction: A redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons between reactants. While redox reactions can occur in certain acid-base reactions, they are not specific to the reaction between acids and bases. The typical reaction between acids and bases involves proton transfer rather than electron transfer. Therefore, "neutralization reaction" is a more specific and accurate term for this type of reaction.
What is produced when an acid reacts with a metal oxide?
A. Salt and water
B. Carbon dioxide and water
C. Oxygen gas and water
D. Hydrogen gas and water
The Correct Answer is A.A) Salt and water (Correct Answer): When an acid reacts with a metal oxide, a salt and water are typically produced. The metal in the metal oxide combines with the acid to form a salt, and water is produced as a byproduct of the reaction.
B) Carbon dioxide and water: This reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate, not a metal oxide. When carbonates react with acids, carbon dioxide gas is produced along with water and a salt.
C) Oxygen gas and water: This reaction is not typical when an acid reacts with a metal oxide. Metal oxides generally do not produce oxygen gas when reacting with acids.
D) Hydrogen gas and water: This reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a metal, not a metal oxide. When metals react with acids, hydrogen gas is typically produced along with water and a salt.
A solution with a pH of 5.0 _____.
A. has a hydrogen-ion concentration of 5.0M
B. is neutral
C. has a hydroxide-ion concentration of 1 x 10 –9 M
D. None of the above
The Correct Answer is D.a. is basic: Incorrect. Solutions with pH values less than 7 are acidic, not basic. A pH of 5.0 indicates an acidic solution.
b. has a hydrogen-ion concentration of 5.0M: Incorrect. The pH value does not directly provide information about the concentration of hydrogen ions. pH is a logarithmic scale that measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
c. is neutral: Incorrect. Solutions with a pH of 7 are considered neutral. A pH of 5.0 indicates an acidic solution.
d. has a hydroxide-ion concentration of 1 x 10 –9 M: Incorrect. This statement relates to the calculation of hydroxide-ion concentration in a neutral solution using the Kw value (the ion product of water). It does not directly pertain to the pH value of the solution.