A. Ingestion
B. Mechanical digestion
C. Chemical digestion
D. All of the above
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All of these processes occur in the mouth. Ingestion involves taking food into the mouth, mechanical digestion includes the physical breakdown of food through chewing and mixing with saliva, and chemical digestion begins with the action of enzymes in saliva, such as amylase, which starts to break down carbohydrates.
Therefore, the Correct Answer is D.
Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?
A. Inferior vena cava
B. Pulmonary vein
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Superior vena cava
The Correct Answer is B.Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Superior and inferior vena cava bring in deoxygenated blood from all other parts of the body to the heart.
Punnett square
In a certain plant, red flowers are dominant over white flowers. A plant heterozygous for red flowers and a plant with white flowers are crossed. Which of the following is the expected proportion of phenotypes in the next generation?
A. 4 red, 0 white
B. 2 red, 2 white
C. 1 red, 3 white
D. 3 red, 1 white
The Correct Answer is B.We use the Punnet square to find the population of the resulting offspring from the crossing of a plant heterozygous for red flowers with a plant with white flowers.
Let R be the dominant allele for red while r is the recessive allele color for red. Therefore, the phenotype for parent 1 which is heterozygous for red flower will be Rr and the second parent with white flowers will be rr.
We cross the two phenotypes in a Punnet square as follows
|
|
r |
r |
|
R |
Rr |
Rr |
|
r |
rr |
rr |
Thus, there are 2 heterozygous offspring with red flowers and 2 offspring with white flowers.
Which of the following indicates the function of sodium bicarbonate released by the pancreas?
A. Sodium bicarbonate inhibits peristalsis
B. Sodium bicarbonate is a protease that digests carbohydrates
C. Sodium bicarbonate stimulates the pyloric sphincter
D. Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acidity of chyme
The Correct Answer is D.Sodium bicarbonate is an alkaline solution, which is released by the pancreas. Chyme is acidic coming from the stomach is neutralized by sodium bicarbonate to protect the duodenum.
Which of these infectious agents do not have nucleic acid?
A. viroids
B. viruses
C. bacteria
D. prions
The Correct Answer is D.The Life Cycle of HIV
Which of the following allows the AIDS virus, which contains RNA, to insert viral DNA into the DNA of a host T-cell after the AIDS virus enters the cell?
A. Receptor proteins located on the surface of the virus
B. The protein that makes up the capsid of the virus
C. Reverse transcriptase, an enzyme encoded by the virus
D. The phospholipids found on the envelope of the virus
The Correct Answer is C.The AIDS virus (HIV virus) is Class VI or Group VI in the Baltimore Classification. Based on the Baltimore Classification, this specifically involves the reverse transcriptase enzyme and it is encoded by the virus.
This is the enzyme that will produce DNA molecules from the viral RNA. This is the mechanism involved where it will use the reverse transcriptase enzyme to insert viral DNA into the genetic material of the host cell.
In a plant in which fuzzy leaves (F) are dominant over smooth leaves (f), which of the following crosses will produce only offspring with smooth leaves?
A. Ff x ff
B. Ff x Ff
C. FF x FF
D. ff x ff
The Correct Answer is D.Crossing is the breeding of parents to produce an offspring. Given that f is a recessive allele of smooth leaves while F is the dominant allele of fuzzy leaves. Therefore, where there is F crossing with f, the offspring will have fuzzy leaves over smooth one.
Therefore, for an offspring to have smooth leaves, ff and ff must cross to produce an offspring with smooth leaves.
Pathogens
Which of the following microorganisms lack their own metabolic pathways and can only reproduce inside of a host cell?
A. Bacteria
B. Viruses
C. Helminths
D. Protozoa
The Correct Answer is B.The disease-causing microorganisms are known as pathogens, which include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms, viruses and prions. These organisms have distinguishing cell structures from each other. The most notable difference between viruses and other pathogens is that viruses lack a metabolism mechanism of their own and ability to produce proteins encoded by their DNA or RNA. However, they viruses rely on machinery of the host cell to produce their proteins and replicate their genomes.
Practice Question
An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons. What is its atomic number?
A. 20
B. 17
C. 10
D. 14
The Correct Answer is D.Building blocks of proteins
Which of the following organic molecules contain both an amine and carboxyl group?
A. Lipids
B. Proteins
C. Cellulose
D. Chitin
The Correct Answer is B.The basic building block of the protein is ammonia, which comprises of ammino group -NH2 and a carboxyl group, -COOH.
Which of the following are used to determine a person’s DNA sequence?
A. Genes
B. Enzymes
C. Hormones
D. Blood types
The Correct Answer is A.A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity and it is the DNA that make up genes. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up metabolic and cellular reactions in our bodies. Hormones are responsible for controlling the action of certain cells or organs in our bodies. Blood types are of four types, A, B, AB, and O.